I stumbled upon this page devoted to the cult of St. Fulcran Lodeve to, the following statement in the paragraph entitled "Currency":
And the author of the page explains that according to me (in my thesis School of charters):
If this conclusion had been someone else I would have written on this blog that its author had been extremely aggressive in its interpretation.
How the simple fact that a legend is cut or not by the bust makes it whether it is a bishop or a saint who is represented - especially if it ' is the same person.
Feeling accused (by myself!) for these methods unscientific, I publish here the full reflection brought me to this hypothesis .
____________________________________
Lodève (diocese)
Bompaire (Mark), "The coinage of the bishops on behalf of Lodeve St. Fulcran " Hérault Studies, 1995-1996, No. 26-27, p. 15-22.
- The monetary circulation in Languedoc ( X e-XIII th century) , Thesis doct., History, Paris IV -Sorbonne, 2002, t . III, Uzes, Lodeve, Mende, P. 6-12.
BONNET (Emile), Currencies bishops Lodève , Montpellier, 1900, 17 p.
Chaudruc of CRAZANNES (Baron Jean-Marie), "On the currency of the bishops Lodève" RN, 1844, No. 9, p. 435-440.
Faure ST VINCENNES (Jules) Memory on the coins which were current in Provence since the end of the Western Empire until XVI th century " History of Provence, dir. Father Jean Papon, Paris, Moutard, 1778-1784, t. II-III.
MOLINIER (A.), "Acts of Philip Augustus unreleased" CLB , 1876, p. 381-386.
Requien (Spirit), "Note on some currencies unpublished Calvet museum. Find Rochegude (Drôme) " RN, 1844, No. 9, p. 124-127.
TEMPLE (Antoine), Coin of the Archaeological Society of Montpellier, inventory of medieval coins , graduate degree, Montpellier, 1967, p. 159-160, pl. vii, 1.
VIDAL (Henry), "The first Life of St. Fulcran and the triumph of the episcopate in Lodève xii th century", Annales du Midi , 1965, No. 7, p. 7-20.
Date concession | 1188 |
Period strike | XI e XIII- e century |
Beneficiary | bishop? |
patron saint | Saint bothered |
Province | Languedoc |
Diocese | Lodève |
Ecclesiastical Province | Narbonne |
Diocese
Saint Fulcran 949-1006
Matfroi 1006-1015
Olimbel 1015-v. 1035
Bernard I er v. 1040-1049
Bernard II 1050
Rostaing v. 1054-v. 1070
Bernard III de Provenchères v. 1072-1099
Dieudonné I er de Chalus 1100-1102
Pierre I er Raimond 1102-1154
Pierre II de Posquières 1155-1161
Gaucelin-Raimond de Montpeyroux 1162-1187
Raimond-Guillaume de Montpellier 1187-1201
Pierre III de Frotier 1201-1207
Pierre IV de Lodève 1207-1237
Bertrand I er de Mornay 1237-1241
Guillaume I er de Casouls 1241-1259
Raimond I er Bellin 1259-1262
Raimond Berenger II Adolf 1263-1279
I st of Boussagues
Berenger II 1279-1284 1285-1290 Guitard
Bernard IV de Poitiers 1290
Gaucelin Guard
Itier 1290-1296 Bordeaux 1296-1302 Dieudonne
II Boussagues 1302-1312 1313-1314
Bernard V
Puy Guillaume II 1314-1316 William III
Mandagot 1316-1317
Gui I st
1317 Jacques I st of Concos 1317-1321 Jean
I st of Tissandière 1322-1323
Bernard VI Guyonne 1324-1331
Bertrand II Mas 1332-1348
I. Obtaining a right to strike in several stages
acts affecting the money question is for Lodève outnumber known currencies. Yet references to currencies Lodévois are rare, and never outside the episcopal city, and the copies are to date the number of five to seven , two different types.
Apparently the bishop does not change until the second half of xii th century. In 1157, Louis VII (1137-1180) assigns the rights to the sovereign Lodève Church and Bishop Pierre Posquieres II (1155-1161), and confirms, among other privileges, possession of silver mines and other metals in its territory. However it is not expressly question of money. In 1160 and 1162, the licensing of the regalia is confirmed again. But the right to strike appears for the first time in a royal diploma in 1188: that date, Philippe Auguste (1180-1223) takes the form of confirmation of previous acts, adding a few new rights from the list of sovereign rights which the bishop has, including the right to strike . This was it implicit in the earlier acts? It is difficult to compare the actions of Louis VII Lodève with other monetary concessions of the sovereign, because they are few. A Mende, where the king grants the royal rights to the bishop in 1161-1162, the situation is equally troubling: the currency is not mentioned, but the Bishop of Mende strikes soon after, probably as a result of the invention of the relics of St. Privat. In Uzès, the coinage is recognized, but clearly identified as existing: it is not the case in the diploma of Philip Augustus in 1188 for Lodeve. This finding suggests that in 1188, the Episcopal Lodève workshop is perhaps not yet.
It is not impossible that the bishop of Lodeve, having received the regalia as bishop of Mende, and seeing it begin to monetize, has requested from the king of France for confirmation the right to strike under the concession regalia.
In 1189, Bishop Raymond-Guillaume de Montpellier (1187-1201) appointed a tester ( probator ) for three years . This is the true start of the workshop.
In 1210, the king once again confirms the right to strike and regulates the circulation of money Lodève. Activity the workshop seems attested into the second half of xiii e century. In 1271, the lord of Clermont to the bishop recognizes the right to make money. Finally in 1285, when the last entry, an attorney for the bishop banned the use of other currencies as gambling, tournaments and Lodève:
prohibens not Turonensis alia quam, vel parisiensis lodovensi uteretur.
It is more than probable that to date no money Lodévois was hardest hit.
Acts of granting the right to strike, in 1188, 1210 and 1271, states that the currency can circulate throughout the diocese, per totum episcopatum .
II. Typology
Despite the small number of surviving pieces, and even fewer of the type used, the currency of Lodeve is a very interesting case for both the iconography itself as the structure of images and captions.
A. Saint Fulcran
Both workshops Lodève out are: Prime
type: EPS LODOVE Bust mitred front . On the reverse: S. FVLCRANNVS Cross. Second
type: FVLCRANNVS CBS topped with a tilde in the field . On the reverse: EPS LODOVE Cross Toulouse.
Saint Fulcran, Family Counts of Substantion and lords of Montpellier, became bishop in 949 Lodève, elected by the chapter (it is first canon of Maguelonne), and died in 1006. He is canonized in 1150, shortly before the supposed date of the appearance of coinage.
The Episcopal church is still dedicated to St. bothered people in the acts of 1157 and 1162. The cult of St. Fulcran develops relatively late. His Life written xii e century bishop represents the Lodève x e century saint Fulcran extolling the episcopal power. But the xii e century is the moment of a power struggle between the bishop and the viscount. But writing the Vita St. Fulcran do that probably dates from 1196-1201, that is to say, it is after the victory of the bishop on the Lord lay, who renounces his rights 1187. The cult of St. Fulcran is not operated during the struggle against the viscount, but immediately after, "to establish an episcopal authority yet fragile. " The use of his image on coins obeys the same project, while at the same time is an imitation of the attitude of the Bishop of Mende, which currency to the bust of St. Privat.
B. Saint Fulcran, busts and coins of Languedoc originality Lodève
The question arises whether the currency is Lodève imitated that of Mende. It is itself taken up and adapted to the type of Bishops of Clermont to the Virgin from the front, cutting the legend. But the bust of St. Fulcran does not cut the legend.
Here, in our corpus, the list of workshops striking busts face does not cut the legend. They are not arranged chronologically, as it does not restore the order of appearance of a type, but to characterize a phenomenon.
The bust face does not cut the legend
Workshop | Reference | Century Issue | Issue Dates | Beneficiary |
Avignon | VIII.4. | end e xiii-xiv early th century | 1294-1303 | Boniface VIII |
Avignon | VIII.9. | xiv th century | 1316-1334 | John XXII |
Cambrai | XA8. | xiii th century | 1248/1249-1273 | Nicolas III Fountains |
Cambrai | XA9. | thirteenth century | 1249-1274 | Nicolas III Fountains |
Cambrai | XA11. | thirteenth century | 1274 | episcopal vacancy |
Cambrai | XA12. | late thirteenth century | 1274-1286 | Enguerrand II Créquy |
Cambrai | XA13. | late thirteenth century | 1274-1286 | Enguerrand II Créquy |
Cambrai | XA15. | late thirteenth century | 1286-1296 | William of Hainault |
Cambrai | XA17. | end thirteenth and early fourteenth century | 1300-1306 | Guy II Colmieu |
Cambrai | XA21. | early fourteenth century | 1306-1309 | Philippe de Marigny |
Cambrai | XA25. | early fourteenth century e | 1309-1324 | Peter III of Levis-Mirepoix |
Cambrai | XA26. | early fourteenth century e | 1309-1324 | Peter III of Levis-Mirepoix |
Die | IX.FDie.2. | late thirteenth century e | 1285-1297 | John II of Geneva |
Die | IX.FDie.3. | xiv th century | 1320-1325 | Guillaume de Roussillon |
Laon | XIII.D.5. | x th century | 986-987 | Adalberon |
Laon | XIII.D.10. | xii th century | 1151-1174 | Gauthier I st or Gauthier II |
Laon | XIII.D.11. | xii end e century | 1175-1201 | Roger I st of Rosoi |
Laon | XIII.D.12. | end e xii-xiii early th century | 1175-1201 | Roger I st of Rosoi |
Laon | XIII . D.13. | early fourteenth century e | 1310-1315 | Turf II |
Lodève | XIV.C.2. | xii th century |
|
|
Metz | XVI.A.80. | xiv th century | 1327-1361 | Adhemar de Monteil |
Reims | VII.D.10. | x th century | 991-995 | Gerbert |
Saint-Die | XVI.F.2. | end xii th century |
| Duke of Lorraine |
Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux | IX.E.13. | xiv th century | 1328-1348 | Hugh Aimeri |
Toul | XVI.E.30. | xiv th century | 1309-1320 | Jean d'Arzilières |
Toul | XVI.E.38. | xiv th century | 1330-1353 | Thomas Bourlémont |
Toul | XVI.E.39. | xiv th century | 1330-1353 | Thomas Bourlémont |
Verdun | XVI.I.11. | xi th century | 1046-1089 | Thierry |
Verdun | XVI.I.12. | xi th century | 1046-1089 | Thierry |
Vienna | IX.A.25. | late fourteenth century e |
|
|
Viviers | XIV.H.9. | xiv th century | 1326-1330 | Adhemar II |
Except Die coins showing the bust of the Virgin, all These pieces have such a bust as a bishop, possibly a secular lord. The type of the head of Vienna is also facing separate: it is supposed to represent the head of St. Maurice, but it is an imitation.
So the norm - the exceptions mentioned above - is that the bust represented the face that does not intersect the legend are individuals of flesh and bone, not saints. The converse is also true: busts face intersecting the legend are generally representations of saints. Exceptions to this last "rule" are: bust mitred at Arles, which is sometimes surrounded by the legend designating St. Trophime, but not always, the papal busts on certain issues Avignon; three currencies Metz and Strasbourg.
The bust of St. Fulcran, meanwhile, does not cut the legend. This is surprising: one under the findings have just been made, secondly because in the region, that the bishop wants Lodève draw on funds from Clermont, Souvigny, or of Mende Saint-Martial de Limoges, there are only representations of busts cutting the legend. The explanation could be as follows: St. Fulcran is highlighted in Lodève time former bishop of the city, perhaps more than as a saint. The content of his written Life appears at the time the coinage was raised: it is his action in the century that is highlighted, its ability to fight against the ambitions of secular lords. It is more than holy bishop. And this is revealed with a second aspect: the distribution of legends.
It is not customary, when a currency is on the bust of a saint and his name, that the bust is on a face and name on the other. The legend that is mitred around the bust - this is not a head-reliquary, but the representation of the holy bishop in - is not CBS FVLCRANNVS, as can be seen at Mende and elsewhere, but Lodovensis episcopus. Somehow, it's more money that the bishop who is well represented; by putting the name of Fulcran the reverse, there is a reluctance on the person represented in the field, and as a superposition between the bishop and Lodève his illustrious predecessor.
But perhaps there is this going too far in interpretation that can make these parts. What is indisputable however is that the distribution of legends with respect to types they surround is not "natural" or more exactly it is not common practice. However, as we have said repeatedly that the bishops are beginning to coin money late in the second half of xii e century, seeking instead to adopt existing practices that demonstrate originality . The fact that currencies Lodève differ from these practices must be understood as intentional. Another aspect
Lodévois currencies also makes specific: the constant link between the legends of the obverse and reverse, and between the rondeau and the field. All legends run from one side to the other: Sanctus Fulcrannus / Lodovensis episcopus. But the second type also creates a sense of play more often, which goes right to the scope of the legend of the right, then move to the reverse legend: it is the penny in the field for the abbreviation SCS for sanctus , which must obviously be read as preceding the entry of rondo, Fulcrannus .
All these aspects are the currencies of Lodeve a very special production, which only adds to the regret of numismatist at the small number of copies and varieties known. Description
Denier (medium xii e century):
XIV.C.1.
+ LODOVENS.EPS. Mitred Bust (miter retort) in the field.
℞ : + FVLCRANNVS Cross pattee in beading.
Duby, pl. xiv ; CRAZANNES, RN , 1844, p. 435.
Denier (medium xii th century):
XIV.C.2.
+ EPS • • • LODOVE mitred head face (miter retort) in beading.
℞ : S (clover) FVLCRAN.NV ' Cross pattee in beading.
PA 3860, No. 4909 ROBERTS, Dy, 2004, 1566.
then kept his legend, but the type of law is replaced by SCS in the field.
Pence (second half xii th century, perhaps after the settlement of 1188):
XIV.C.3.
+ FVLCRANVS CBS topped with beads in a sign of abbreviation.
℞ : + EPS LODOVE Maltese Cross with beads in a point at the end of each arm.
PA 3861, No. 3965 ROBERTS, Dy, 2004, 1567. This
denier, the Musée Calvet, known only by a single copy found in the buried treasure Rochegude early xiii e century (before 1210).
EVIDENCE
I.
1188. - Dies.
King Philippe Auguste of France (1180-1223) resumed the degree of his predecessor Louis VII (1137-1180) granted in 1162, confirming the privileges previously obtained by the bishops of Lodève "and especially" the right strikes. Philippe Auguste copies the contents of the deed of his father.
According to the edition of Marc Bompaire, The monetary circulation in Languedoc (x e - xiii th century) , Thesis doct., History, Paris IV -Sorbonne 2002, t. III, « Uzès, Lodève, Mende », p. 6, établie à partir du cartulaire de l’église de Lodève .
« […] Unde notum facimus universis tam presentibus quam futuris quod ecclesiae Beati martyris Genesii et episcopis quicumque ibi sederint et tibi presentialiter Gaucelino Lodovensi episcopo concedimus ac nostri privilegii auctoritate communimus in civitate seu in villa quae dicitur Lodova ecclesiam que est constructa in honore beati Genesii martyris et ipsam eamdem villam cum omnibus ad praefatam ecclesiam pertinentibus et vicariam ejusdem ville si qua est et licentiam faciendi in eadem villa et in omnibus ecclesie Lodovensis alodiis turres, munitiones, muros, portarum tuiciones, vallos […]. Inhibemus etiam ne dux vel comes seu alia potestas super jamdictam ecclesiam aut res ejus injustam exactionem exerceat aut domos aut bona decendentis episcopi occupet vel invadat. Adhuc eciam hujus nostrae sanctionis pagina concedimus tibi prefato episcopo regalia totius episcopatus Lodovensis, scilicet stratas, novas forcias et praecipue illas que fiunt in ecclesiis vel cimiteriis eorumque domibus vel pertinenciis et specialiter monetam regia auctoritate et accipiatur per totum episcopatum vestrum nec possint aliqui petere partem vel jus aliquid in moneta nostra, jus prohibendi facere novas monetas et novas forcias in toto episcopatu Lodovensi facultatem quoque exigendi fidelitates regi debitas et potestatem judiciariam omnium causarum tam civilium quam criminalium seu contradictione curie secularis et insuper minarias totius episcopatus Lodovensis quecumque jam aperte vel postmodum aperiende sunt que regii juris esse noscuntur. […] Actum publice Stampis, anno Incarnationis Verbi 1162°, regni vero nostri 26 […]. »
II.
1210.
Diplôme royal de Philippe Auguste (1180-1223) confirmant le droit de frappe des évêques de Lodève.
D’après l’édition de Marc BOMPAIRE, « Le monnayage des évêques de Lodève au nom de saint Fulcran " Hérault Studies, 1995-1996, n. ° 26-27, p. 18, established from the cartulary of the church Lodève.
The text is taken from the acts of 1162 and 1188.
III.
1271.
Charter of the lord of Clermont confirming the right to strike bishops Lodève.
According to Marc Bompaire edition, "The coinage of the Bishops of Lodève behalf of St. Fulcran" Hérault Studies, 1995-1996, n. ° 26-27, p. 18, established from the cartulary of the church Lodève.
IV.
1285.
Rules Attorney Bishop Lodève prohibiting the use of other currencies as the tournaments, the Paris and Lodève.
According to Marc Bompaire edition, "The coinage of the Bishops of Lodève behalf of St. Fulcran" Hérault Studies, 1995-1996, n. ° 26-27, p. 18, established from the cartulary of the church Lodève.
[...] does prohibens Turonensis alia quam, vel parisiensis lodovensi uteretur. [...]
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